Comparative analysis of direct and indirect STL generation using structured-light and laser scanning for digital preservation of the Sundang Raja Muhamad

Abdul Kudus, Syahibudil Ikhwan and Boejang, Hambali and Omar, Mohammad Rafi and Md Ali, Noor Azimah (2026) Comparative analysis of direct and indirect STL generation using structured-light and laser scanning for digital preservation of the Sundang Raja Muhamad. Jurnal Kejuruteraan, 38 (1). pp. 163-169. ISSN 0128-0198

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Abstract

The integration of reverse engineering (RE) and 3D scanning technologies has enhanced efforts to digitally preserve cultural heritage artifacts. However, ensuring dimensional accuracy during data processing, particularly in STL file generation, remains a critical challenge. This study investigates the digital reproduction of the Sundang Raja Muhamad, a 500-year-old Melaka weapon of significant historical value, by comparing the dimensional accuracy of two 3D scanning systems (Rexscan CS2+ and T-Track/T-Scan) and two STL workflows (Direct and Indirect). Direct STL files were produced with minimal manipulation, whereas Indirect STL files underwent additional refinement through surface reconstruction and mesh editing. Dimensional fidelity was evaluated using CAD-to-CAD and CAD-to-Part analyses at five key diameter points on the hilt. Results show that Direct STL files consistently preserved higher geometric accuracy, while Indirect STL files exhibited larger deviations due to extended mesh reconstruction, particularly in regions with limited scan accessibility. The most notable error occurred at Point E, where deviation exceeded the study’s ±0.30 mm tolerance threshold. In terms of scanning performance, Rexscan CS2 + achieved slightly superior overall dimensional accuracy (85.74%) compared to T-Track/T-Scan (84.84%), especially in areas with fine surface details. However, both systems demonstrated limitations when scanning recessed or obstructed features. The findings highlight the importance of selecting appropriate scanning technology and STL processing methods for heritage preservation. Direct STL workflows and structured-light scanning provide more reliable geometric fidelity, whereas Indirect workflows are better suited for visual enhancement rather than precision applications.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	3D scanning, Digital heritage preservation, Dimensional evaluation, STL file accuracy, Reverse engineering
Divisions:	Faculty Of Industrial And Manufacturing Technology And Engineering
Depositing User:	Sabariah Ismail
Date Deposited:	13 Jul 2026 06:29
Last Modified:	13 Jul 2026 06:29
URI:	http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/29791
Statistic Details:	View Download Statistic

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