Design and development of a solar-powered IoT-based energy consumption monitoring system

Jaafar, Anuar and Ahmad Tarmizi, Aiman Haqeem and Mohd Yusof, Haziezol Helmi and Anas, Siti Aisyah and Mohd Kasim, Noor Shahida and Darsono, Abd Majid and Samhudi Kamil, Kamaliah Hanim (2026) Design and development of a solar-powered IoT-based energy consumption monitoring system. International Journal of Research And Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), X (VII). pp. 5420-5430. ISSN 2454-6186

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Abstract

Residential energy conservation is frequently hindered by a lack of real-time visibility into usage, widening the "behavior-action gap" between daily electricity utilization and delayed monthly utility statements. This paper presents the development of a low-cost, open-source, residential solar-powered Internet of Things (IoT) monitoring system. The proposed architecture segments data collection tasks into a Direct Current (DC) renewable generation node and an Alternating Current (AC) appliance-level consumption interface using dual ESP32 microcontrollers. The system collects data from precision inline INA226 shunt sensors on the solar and battery storage paths, alongside a ZMPT101B transformer and an SCT-013 current transformer wrapped in a physical 5-turn wire loop to lift low-power current boundaries above standard resolution floors. Telemetry is streamed asynchronously via Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) over a cloud HiveMQ broker. To optimize edge node efficiency, chronological timestamping is completely decoupled from the hardware layer and managed server-side upon database ingestion into InfluxDB. Real-time and historical analytics are visualised using a centralized Grafana web dashboard interface. Experimental results show that the hardware sensing layer maintained high measurement precision, yielding low absolute errors (Verror ≤ 0.38% and Ierror ≤ 32%) and successfully resolving low-power household standby states down to single-digit wattages (e.g., 9W). The event-driven alert system achieved zero-latency multi-tier warnings, verifying that the proposed framework delivers an accessible, high-fidelity sub-metering platform for urban electrification programs.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Solar energy, Internet of Things (IoT), Energy consumption monitoring
Divisions:	Faculty Of Electronics And Computer Technology And Engineering
Depositing User:	Sabariah Ismail
Date Deposited:	04 Sep 2026 01:06
Last Modified:	04 Sep 2026 01:06
URI:	http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/30411
Statistic Details:	View Download Statistic

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