Security of smart grid: Cybersecurity issues, potential cyberattacks, major incidents, and future directions

Alomari, Mohammad Ahmed and Mohammed Al-Andoli, Mohammed Nasser and Ghaleb, Mukhtar and Thabit, Reema and Alkawsi, Gamal and Jamil Alsayaydeh, Jamil Abedalrahim and Gaid, Abdulgoddoos S.A. (2025) Security of smart grid: Cybersecurity issues, potential cyberattacks, major incidents, and future directions. Energies, 18 (1). pp. 1-36. ISSN 1996-1073

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Abstract

Despite the fact that countless IoT applications are arising frequently in various fields, such as green cities, net-zero decarbonization, healthcare systems, and smart vehicles, the smart grid is considered the most critical cyber–physical IoT application. With emerging technologies supporting the much-anticipated smart energy systems, particularly the smart grid, these smart systems will continue to profoundly transform our way of life and the environment. Energy systems have improved over the past ten years in terms of intelligence, efficiency, decentralization, and ICT usage. On the other hand, cyber threats and attacks against these systems have greatly expanded as a result of the enormous spread of sensors and smart IoT devices inside the energy sector as well as traditional power grids. In order to detect and mitigate these vulnerabilities while increasing the security of energy systems and power grids, a thorough investigation and in-depth research are highly required. This study offers a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art smart grid cybersecurity research. In this work, we primarily concentrate on examining the numerous threats and cyberattacks that have recently invaded the developing smart energy systems in general and smart grids in particular. This study begins by introducing smart grid architecture, it key components, and its security issues. Then, we present the spectrum of cyberattacks against energy systems while highlighting the most significant research studies that have been documented in the literature. The categorization of smart grid cyberattacks, while taking into account key information security characteristics, can help make it possible to provide organized and effective solutions for the present and potential attacks in smart grid applications. This cyberattack classification is covered thoroughly in this paper. This study also discusses the historical incidents against energy systems, which depicts how harsh and disastrous these attacks can go if not detected and mitigated. Finally, we provide a summary of the latest emerging future research trend and open research issues.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Cybersecurity, Smart grid, Energy cyberattacks, Energy security, Cyber–physical systems
Divisions:	Faculty Of Electronics And Computer Technology And Engineering
Depositing User:	Norfaradilla Idayu Ab. Ghafar
Date Deposited:	11 Aug 2025 05:07
Last Modified:	11 Aug 2025 05:07
URI:	http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/28919
Statistic Details:	View Download Statistic

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