Amy Chin, Swin Yee (2026) Techno-economic analysis of transitioning off-grid photovoltaic systems to on-grid operation in rural Sarawak. Masters thesis, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
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Abstract
In recent years, rural electrification in Malaysia, particularly in Sarawak, has experienced significant development driven by both off-grid and grid-based solutions. To overcome the challenges of remote locations, rugged terrain, and low population densities, off-grid photovoltaic (PV) systems have been deployed under initiatives such as the Sarawak Alternative Rural Electrification Scheme (SARES) to provide basic electricity access. However, with the continued expansion of the main grid into interior regions, many areas previously served by standalone PV systems are gradually being integrated into the grid network. Despite this, these off-grid solar systems are often unconnected to the grid due to concerns about their potential impact on grid operations and performance under varying conditions. This thesis presents a comprehensive strategy for the technical and economic assessment of the implications of transitioning from off-grid to on-grid electricity supply in rural areas. The developed methodology is based on real-world case studies of two rural sites in Sarawak, selected based on key parameters such as distribution voltage level (33kV and 11kV), installed PV capacity, and population density. From a technical perspective, the study involved network modeling and power flow simulations using DIgSILENT PowerFactory software to analyse voltage behaviour and power losses under various load and PV penetration scenarios. Simulation results show that 33kV networks experience lower voltage rise and better stability due to lower current flow per unit of power delivered. In contrast, 11kV feeders demonstrated potential voltage excursions beyond ±5% of nominal voltage, especially under conditions of light loading and high PV injection, highlighting the need for careful voltage regulation planning. In terms of economics, the study compared the annualised cost per household for off-grid solar systems with that of grid extension under various conditions, including scenarios with and without road access. Findings indicate that grid extension is more cost-effective in areas with existing infrastructure and high load density. However, in remote and sparsely populated areas, off-grid systems remain the more financially viable option due to the high costs of grid extension and maintenance. The results of this study confirm that voltage levels, load density and accessibility are critical in determining the most appropriate electrification approach. This developed strategy enables technical and economic evaluation of rural electrification options, supporting informed decision-making for utilities and policymakers. In conclusion, coordinated technical planning combined with structured cost analysis is essential to facilitate a smooth, efficient and sustainable transition from off-grid to on-grid systems for remote rural areas in Malaysia.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Masters) |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Off-grid photovoltaic systems, Transition of off-grid to on-grid systems, Rural electrification, Sarawak, Techno-economic |
| Subjects: | T Technology T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering |
| Divisions: | Library > Tesis > FTKE |
| Depositing User: | Norhairol Khalid |
| Date Deposited: | 07 May 2026 02:04 |
| Last Modified: | 07 May 2026 02:04 |
| URI: | http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/29909 |
| Statistic Details: | View Download Statistic |
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